1. Synonyms (पर्यायवाची नामानि)

• Śallakī (शल्लकी)
• Sallaki Niryāsa (शल्लकी निर्यास)
• Kundaru
• Salai
• Salai Guggul

These names are used in classical texts such as Caraka Samhita and Suśruta Samhita to denote the oleo-gum-resin obtained from Boswellia serrata.

2. Regional Names (प्रादेशिक नामानि)

• Hindi: Salai, Salai Guggul
• Marathi: Salai
• Gujarati: Salai
• Telugu: Anduga
• Tamil: Parangi Sambrani
• Kannada: Chandra Guggulu
• Bengali: Salai
• English: Indian Frankincense, Olibanum, Salai Guggul

3. Botanical Description (वनस्पतिजन्य वर्णनम्)

Salai is a medium to large-sized deciduous balsamiferous tree growing up to 18 metres in height. It is widely found in dry forests from Punjab to West Bengal and throughout peninsular India.

• Bark: Greenish grey, yellow or reddish grey, fairly thick, exfoliating in thin papery flakes
• Leaves: Imparipinnate, 2.6–6.3 cm long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate
• Flowers: Small, white, borne in axillary racemes or panicles
• Fruit: Drupes about 12 mm long, trigonus, splitting along three valves

Oleo-gum-resin (Salai Guggul):

On injury, the tree exudes a fragrant, transparent, golden-yellow oleo-gum-resin which solidifies into brownish-yellow tears, drops and crusts. It burns readily with an agreeable aroma and is widely used in incense. It is the only non-coniferous source of turpentine and rosin in India.

Grades of Salai Guggul:

• Superfine grade: Translucent, very light yellow, free from impurities
• Grade I: Brownish yellow, less translucent, clean
• Grade II: Brownish, semi-translucent, some impurities
• Grade III: Dark brown, opaque, with impurities

4. Chemical Constituents (रासायनिक संघटनम्)

Salai Guggul contains both volatile and non-volatile constituents responsible for its therapeutic activity.

Volatile Oil Constituents:

• p-Cymene
• d-Limonene
• Methylchavicol
• α-Terpineol
• Bornyl acetate
• α-Pinene
• α-Phellandrene
• Terpineolene
• d-Thujone
• Cadinene
• Eleneol
• Geraniol
• Linalool
• β-Pinene
• Phenols
• Terpenyl acetate
• α-Thujene
• α-Camphelenic acid
• α-Campholytic acid

Non-Volatile Constituents:

• Serratol (new diterpene alcohol)
• α- and β-Amyrin
• Boswellic acids: β-Boswellic acid, 11-keto β-boswellic acid and their acetates
• Tirucallane triterpenes
• Holocellulose, lignin, β-sitosterol and tannins (bark)
• Pentosans, mucilage and protein (seeds)

These compounds are responsible for its anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, analgesic and lipid-lowering activities.

5. Properties and Therapeutic Uses (गुणधर्म एवं चिकित्सोपयोग)

Classical References:

• Mentioned in Caraka Samhita under Puriśavirajanīya Mahākāṣāya and Śallakī in Sirovirecana Gana
• Mentioned in Suśruta Samhita under Rodhrādi Gana and Kaṣāya Skandha

Ayurvedic Properties:

Salai Guggul is Kashāya (astringent), Tikta (bitter), Ushna in potency, Laghu and Ruksha in nature, and pacifies Kapha and Vata doshas.

Therapeutic Actions:

• Anti-inflammatory & Anti-arthritic:
  Salai Guggul is highly effective in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, joint swelling, stiffness and pain. Clinical trials have shown significant improvement in rheumatic patients.
• Analgesic (Pain-relieving):
  Reduces musculoskeletal pain, back pain and inflammatory pain.
• Anti-tumour Activity:
  The non-phenolic fraction of the oleo-gum-resin exhibits anti-tumour properties.
• Sedative & Calming:
  Possesses mild sedative action, useful in painful inflammatory conditions.
• Lipid-lowering:
  Demonstrates cholesterol and triglyceride lowering activity, beneficial in metabolic disorders.
• Antibacterial & Antifungal:
  Essential oil from the resin shows antibacterial activity, while leaf oil shows antifungal properties.
• Wound Healing & Skin Disorders:
  Used traditionally in ulcers, wounds, skin diseases and to promote healthy tissue regeneration.
• Respiratory Support:
  Traditionally used in asthma, bronchitis and chronic respiratory congestion due to its expectorant and anti-inflammatory action.
• Digestive & Detoxifying:
  Helps in detoxification, improves digestion and supports gut health.

6. Doses (मात्रा)

The usual dose of Salai Guggul is 500 mg to 2.5 grams per day, taken in divided doses with warm water, honey or as directed by an Ayurvedic physician.
In compound formulations for arthritis and inflammatory disorders, dosage is adjusted according to age, strength and severity of condition.
For external application, Salai Guggul is used in medicated oils and ointments.

(Always use under the guidance of a qualified Ayurvedic practitioner.)

Product Summary 

Salai Guggul (Boswellia serrata) is a powerful Ayurvedic anti-inflammatory resin renowned for its role in joint health, arthritis, pain relief and tissue healing. Rich in boswellic acids and aromatic compounds, it supports mobility, reduces swelling, strengthens joints, lowers inflammation, and promotes overall musculoskeletal health. It is also beneficial in skin disorders, respiratory conditions and lipid imbalance.